human skeletal system
Supporters of animal tissue that often serves to protect the body, or part thereof, and plays an important role in animal physiology.
The framework can be divided into two main types based on the relative position of bone tissue. When these tissues are located outside the soft parts, animals are said to have an exoskeleton. If they occur deep within the body, they form an endoskeleton. All vertebrate animals have endoskeleton, but most also have an exoskeletal components originated. invertebrate skeleton, however, shows far more variation in position, morphology, and materials used to build them.
human skeletal system
The endoskeleton of vertebrates are usually constructed of bone and cartilage, certain fish have only skeletal deficiency. In addition to an endoskeleton, many different species have exoskeletal structure made of bone or horny material. This framework dermal provide support and protection on the surface of the body.
The various components forming the structure of the human skeleton, including collagen, three types of cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic), and various types of bone (woven, compressed, trabecular, and plexiform). See also Bone, Collagen, connective tissue.
Vertebrate skeleton consists of the axial skeleton (skull, spine, and associated structures) and appendicular skeleton (limbs or complement). Basic plan is similar to vertebrates, although large variations occur in connection with the functional demands placed on the skeleton.
Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and chest, and in humans it consists of the skull, ear ossicles, hyoid bone, spine, and ribs.
Skull
human skeletal system
Adult human skull consists of eight bones that form the cranium, or braincase, and 13 facial bones that support the eyes, nose, and jaw. There are also three small, paired ear ossicles-malleus, incus, and stapes-in cavity in the temporal bone. Number 27 bones is a major reduction in cranial elements during vertebrate evolution. Three components of the skull is neurocranium, dermatocranium, and cranial visceral. See also Ear (vertebrate).
The brain and sense organs are protected by the neurocranium. All vertebrates develop a similar neurocrania, ranging from the ethmoid and basal cartilage beneath the brain, and as capsules in part to attach a network that eventually form the sense organs of smell, otic, and optics. Further development resulted in the cartilage wall around the brain. The verses (foramina) through the cartilage was left open for cranial nerves and blood vessels. Endochondral hardened from the following four major centers in all vertebrates, except the cartilaginous fish.
Visceral skeleton, the skeleton of the pharyngeal arches, is shown in general form with elasmobranch fish, in which all cartilaginous elements and support the jaw and gills. Arch (first) jaw consists of two elements on each side of the body: palatoquadrates the back, which form the upper jaw, and Meckel's cartilage, which joined the abdomen to form the lower jaw. Curvature (second) hyoid paired dorsal and lateral hyomandibular cartilage, gill-bearing ceratohyals. Jaw mechanism attached to the neurocranium support. In all vertebrates except mammals jaw, an articulation between the posterior end of Meckel's cartilage and palatoquadrate occur between the upper and lower jaw. Bony fishes have been described in primitive conditions, in which the upper jaw are glued to the skull and lower jaw or mandible can move only in a simple hinge. Teleosts capable of protruding upper and lower jaw. In the course of evolution of mammals, the dentary of the lower jaw ramus an enlarged and expanded upon in the temporal fossa. This in turn forms the articulation with the squamosal of the skull. By freeing the articular bone and the square of their function in the articulation of the jaw, they become ear ossicles in relation to the columella, that is, stems that form bone ossicle ear first. Visceral skeleton evolved rest of the jaw and gill structures in fish to be an attachment site for muscles to support the tongue and vocal cords in tetrapods. See also Mammalia.
Vertebral column
human skeletal system
Vertebral column is segmented trunk mesodermal endoskeletal origin. This provides protection to the spinal cord, an attachment site for muscles, flexibility, and support, especially in tetrapods on land where he must support the weight of the body. Hardware, spool-shaped vertebral bones alternative to the intervertebral discs tough but flexible. Each typical vertebral body (centrum) has expanded neural spine curvature. Spinal cord runs through the arches, and spinal cord come through the room. Bony processes and spines project from bone to muscle and ligament attachment. articulation joints between adjacent vertebrae to effectively limit and determine the range of motion of the spine.
morphology of different vertebrae along the column. There are two regions are recognized in fish (trunk and tail) and five in mammals (cervical, chest, lumbar, sacral, and tail), reflecting regional specialization related to the function. Humans have seven cervical, twelve breast, five lumbar, five (fused) sacral, and four coccygeal vertebrae. Most of the amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have seven neck bones apart from the long neck, while the number of variables in birds. special modifications for the first two cervical vertebrae in reptiles mostly, birds, and mammals provide additional mobility head. The presence of large ribs in the chest area often limit the flexibility of the spine. In a typical tetrapods, sacral region is usually modified to support the pelvic girdle, while the number of tail bones are very varied (00-50) between and within groups of animals. See also vertebrae.
Sternum and ribs
Jawed fish have ribs that help keep the stiffness and support of the coelomic cavity. Ribs are usually followed the connective tissue septa that separate muscle groups in sequence. In the tail, they are often small paired ventral ribs, fused in the midline to form haemal arches. Ancestral tetrapods have ribs on the bone all, and their length varies between regions vertebrae. Modern amphibia (frogs and toads) has some chest ribs, and this is much reduced and has never met the abdomen. Reptiles have ribs varied settings, ranging from snakes to the ribs on each vertebra (important for locomotor requirements) for the turtle with only eight ribs that are attached to the inside of the carapace. flying birds and penguins have a very enlarged sternum that connects the ventral ribs. In humans there are twelve pairs of ribs form a cage that is strong but moves include the heart and lungs.
human skeletal system
Appendicular skeleton
Part of the skeletal system consists of chest and pelvic girdles and limb bones of a supplement-free. The girdles provide a support to which the usual mobile attach limbs.
Pectoral girdle
This corset has a chest endoskeletal and dermal components. Skin components derived from the dermal armor postopercular primitive fish, and is represented by the clavicles and interclavicles in modern vertebrates, except where they lost secondary. Endochondral bone forms the scapula. In fish, the main component of the girdle (cleithrum) is anchored to the skull by other elements. Increased mobility is seen in the amphibian corset like to be independent of the skull. Further development and the reduction has resulted in various morphological framework, culminating in a paired clavicles and scapulae mammals.
Birds were paired and their clavicles fused to form a single interclavicle wishbone or furcula. Clavicles had disappeared in the running of certain groups of mammals to allow greater movement of the scapula. Although humans, and most other mammals, have the coracoid process of scapula, other tetrapods typically have separate coracoid strengthen the scapula to the sternum and the formation of the glenoid fossa.
Pelvic girdle
human skeletal system
Pelvic girdle form by endochondral hardening, ie the conversion of cartilage into bone. In fish, it is a small structure embedded in the muscles of the body wall just anterior cloaca. Each half of the corset to provide anchors and points of articulation for the pelvic fins. In tetrapods, corset attached to the backbone to increase stability and assist in supporting body weight and locomotor force. Humans, like all other tetrapods, have pelvic girdle bilaterally symmetrical, each half is composed of three fused bones: the ischium, ilium, and pubis. Some of the individual elements form the acetabulum, the hip joint box-shaped component, which is continuous with the femoral head.
All products must pass through the digestive urogenital and pelvic outlet. This accounts for pelvic sexual dimorphism seen in most mammals, where a wider opening of the pelvis in women, because the physical demands of pregnancy and childbirth. In birds (with the exception of the ostrich and rhea), both sexes have an open pelvic girdle, a condition also found in female bats megachiropteran (flying fox), linking itself, and the mole-rat.
Paired fins and tetrapod limbs
Paired fins in fish comes in different forms, but all those involved in energy. In its simplest form they are quite rigid and extend from the body, functioning as a stabilizer, but they are also able to act like a wing to produce lift as the shark. In many fishes, pectoral fins have a narrow base and highly maneuverable as steering fins to move lower speeds. In addition, some fish use their pectoral and pelvic run in the bottom of the river, while others have very enlarged pectoral fins which took over as the main driving force structure.
human skeletal system
Members of the basic mammalian body chest consists of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, five metacarpal, and fourteen phalanges, and pelvic limb consists of the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, five metatarsals, and fourteen phalanges. A typical bird pelvic limb consists of a femur, tibiotarsus (formed by the fusion of the tibia with proximal row tarsal bone), fibula, and tarsometatarsus (formed by the fusion of metatarsals II-IV), metatarsal I, and four digits (each consisting of two to five phalanges).
In biology, skeletal system or framework is the biological system providing physical support in living organisms. (By extension, non-biological outline structures such as gantries or buildings may also acquire skeletons.)
Types and Classification
The skeletal system is generally divided into three types-external (an exoskeleton), internal (an endoskeleton), and liquid-based (a hydrostatic skeleton), although hydrostatic skeletal system can be classified separately from the other two, because they lack hardened support structures. An internal skeletal system consists of a rigid structure or semi-rigid, in the body, driven by the muscular system. If the structures are mineralized or hard, because they are in humans and other mammals, they are referred to as bone. Cartilage is a common component of bone system, support and complement the framework. Human ear and the nose is formed by cartilage. Some organisms have a skeleton consisting entirely of cartilage and bone with no calcification at all, for the shark for instance. Bones or other rigid structures are connected by ligaments and connected to the muscular system via tendons.
hydrostatic skeleton similar to a balloon filled with water. Located internally in cnidarians (coral, jellyfish, etc.) and annelids (leeches, earthworms etc.), among others, these animals can move by contracting the muscles around the bag filled with fluid, creating pressure inside the pouch that causes movement. Animals such as earthworms use their hydrostatic skeleton to change their body shape as they move forward, from long and thin to shorter and wider.